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The Universal Living Wage essays

The Universal Living Wage articles As indicated by the 2002 Human Development Report, from the United Nations Development Program, of the...

Friday, May 15, 2020

The Dichotomy of Honesty in Oscar Wildes The Importance...

Oscar Wildes, The Importance of Being Earnest revolves around the dichotomy of the true definition of honesty versus the victorian definition of honesty. It is apparent that Wildes opinion is that true honesty is expressed through being genuine to ones self as opposed to putting on a front as is important in victorian ideals. In this work, Wilde uses humor to off-set the seriousness of the theme of the story. One who has studied this work can also clearly see that Wilde is using sarcasm to say things that would not have been accepted by society if they were said bluntly. For example he exemplifies in a very sarcastic manner the hypocracy that victorian society represents by the very fact that they pretend to uphold honesty above all†¦show more content†¦The main character of Wildes story, Jack Worthing creates an elaborate deceit in which he invents a brother in the city but also reinvents his entire self. He created his fake brother to get away from the country and go live a more exciting life in the city. However, his deceitfulness leads to him being completly honest with himself, and finding a true love. Something genuine. There one would see the dichotomy in Jack, or as hes known in the city, Ernest. Algernon Moncreiff on the other hand, lied to get to the coutnry so he could find something more genuine as opposed to the false honesty of the city. Again, one sees the same dichotomy as one would see in Jack. Alge lied to get to Cecily, his true love, which again is genuine. Cecily Cardew has a dichotomous personality as well. On the outside, Cecily appears to be innotcent and very victorian like, which represents the victorian dewfinitionof honesty. However, if one dug a little deeper, they would see that Cecily is much like a female version of a dandy. She has wicked thoughts, which represent her genuine, truly honest self. Miss Prism also represents the dichotomy and somewhat relates to Cecily. In the fact that she acts in the manner a respectable victorian woman should, she is secretly (or so she thinks, though it is apparent to others) buring with passion for Rev. Chasuble. While around him she acts mannerly and as if she has no intrest in

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Social and Economic Effects of the Plague on Medieval...

The Bubonic Plague, known more commonly as the Black Death, was a fatal disease that ravaged Asia and Europe during the mid-14th century. Although the destruction the Plague brought upon Europe in terms of deaths was enormous, the Islamic world arguably suffered more due to the fact that plague epidemics continually returned to the Islamic world up until the 19th century. The recurrence of the disease caused Muslim populations to never recover from the losses suffered and a resulting demographic shift that arguably helped Europe to surpass the Islamic worlds previous superiority in scholarship. The Islamic world had suffered at least five major plague epidemics before the Black Death in the 14th century, yet the Black Death was far more†¦show more content†¦Contrary to the popular view, Muslim scientists and physicians had a tough time believing in these tenets, the third one in particular, due to the increasing amount of evidence that a contagion actually existed. In addition, physicians usually felt it was their duty to treat those infected in any way they could; this conflicted with the theological view held by many Muslims that the Plague was a direct product of God and thus must simply be endured. Even some theologians began to have issues with these tenets when the plague hit the holy city of Mecca in 1349. The Islamic Prophet had promised that no disease would never come to either Mecca or Medina, so when the holy city was devastated by the disease, people began to doubt the disease’s proposed holy origin. Some Muslims reasoned that the Plagues presen ce in Mecca was a direct result of some of its inhabitants being unbelievers, while others rejoiced that it never spread to Medina. The disagreement between those who believed the Plague was the doing of God and those who did not created tension in medieval Islamic society. In addition to creating a social divide, the Plague also forced many people to reconsider where they were living causing a social â€Å"reorganization.† Despite the religious taboo against fleeing from a disease ridden area, many Muslims departed the infected cities for regions believed to be untainted. At the same time, a far larger number of rural MuslimsShow MoreRelatedMedieval Period in European History1575 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The medieval period in European history begins after the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 C.E., and continued until the early modern period beginning around 1500. The medieval period is split into the sub-categories of early medieval (500-1000), central middle ages (1000-1300), late medieval (1300-1500), and followed by the early modern period (1500-1800). At each of these periods of time important political, economic, social, cultural, religious and scientific changes were beingRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 PagesUnit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t include * End of hunting-gathering societies 2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized by * A rough social equality 3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans are * Copper 4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their * Knowledge of agriculture 5. Characteristics of complex civilizations Read MoreThe Islamic Storming Of Spain1918 Words   |  8 Pagesthe arrival of the Moors, who were essentially Muslims from North Africa, Spain was ruled by the Visigoths, a civilization that was in great decline at the time from an economic and agricultural stand-point. Many people of the lower classes, including merchants, farmers, and artists, were fleeing due to severe oppression, plague, and an endless cycle of famine. Spain was left in complete disarray, reintegration under the Visigoths would have been an impossibility after such a deterioration of theRead MoreThe Foundation Of The Roman Culture Essay2604 Words   |  11 Pagesconsul in 133 BC, his goals were stongy based towards improving the economy. Long before his rise to fame, the plebeians who wanted office and social recognition had distinguished themselves to a common cause with the poor and those who dwelt on the outskirts of the countryside. The political career of Gai us Gracchus was far more in establishing a lasting effect then those of his brother Tiberius. His reforms were all encompassing to benefit all interests, except of course those of Gracchus enemiesRead MoreEssay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)8730 Words   |  35 Pagesand the Indian Ocean routes became very widespread. * Traders were more likely to travel the entire length of the silk roads due to increased safety and technology. | * Increased agricultural production due to developing technologies led to economic development. Further econnimic developements and increased urbanization led to increased trade. The major east-west trade routes, like the silk roads or the Indian Ocean routes, also developed more during this time, which led to increased internationalRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Fatimid Dynasty2613 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Prophet Muhammad’s daughter Fatima; and, existed during the Golden Age of Islam. â€Å"Unlike the cAbbasids or Umayyads, who were led by a caliph approved by the community, the Shica espoused the concept of designation, in which the Prophet Muhammad chose Ali as his successor and in which each subsequent religious leader was a divinely ordained, supreme, infallible Imam who had the final authority in both religious and social affairs.† In 909, the Fatimid was established by the self-proclaimed ImamRead MoreRats Essay4232 Words   |  17 Pagesprone, presumably due to inbreeding. The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near humans. The Black Plague is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism Yersinia pestis, carried by the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis which preyed on R. rattus living in European cities of the day; these rats were victims of the plague themselves. Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods. Their reputation has carried into common parlance:Read MoreBusiness Environment of Pre-British India13645 Words   |  55 Pages Our project aims at understanding all these impacts in a consolidated way and help us understand our past. Our project covers the eras from the stone age man till the Mughal era and all the impacts, the technological advancements, the social system, the economic policies and the unique system of administration which has helped shaped our country today. Table of Contents Pre-Historic India .........................................................................................................Read MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 PagesKingdoms. Modification of a demarcation line dividing the world between Spain and Portugal resulted in the birth of Brazil as its eastern end fell within the Portuguese zone. This document is essential if we are to understand American history and economic and cultural relations between Europe and America. Therefore the treaty became an important reference not only to the Atlantic Ocean history but also to the memory of the world allowing the meeting of continents and civilizations separated by unknownRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Reclassification of Gains and Losses †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reclassification of Gains and Losses. Answer: Introduction: The investment company performance is an outcome of the income that is earned on investment that is made. This changes the investments fair value while they are in hold (Barth, Nobes and Tarca 2015). The companys information that are to be checked are as follows: 1) The Dividend and Interest earned in the current year. 2) Information about risk in the portfolio 3) Turnover of the portfolio and related transaction costs such as Commission. 4) The change in the fair value of investment as compared to the similar investment companies in the market 5) The securities fair value that the investment company holds 6) The change in the value of the share during an year An item of a business meets its definition under the conceptual framework if the economic benefits of the same are met which are associated with the item in the future can be measured with reliability(Macve 2015). The Conceptual Framework states that in the income statement the recognition of the income takes place when increase in future economic benefits related to an increase in the asset or decrease of a liability takes place and cannot be measured. Increase in the fair value of the investment shares does represent the increase of asset. For an investment company this important component represents the performance (Dong, Ryan and Zhang 2014). IAS 36 impairment of assets takes care of the with the policies that an entity can apply to ensure that the assets are to be recognized at their recoverable amounts. The asset would represent in such a way the amount is to be recovered through the sale of the asset (Macve 2015). In that case, the asset is denoted as impaired and the standard IAS 36 recognizes it as an impairment loss. It also mentioned when a business shall change an impairment loss and the disclosures that are prescribed in the case given the issue is that the Australian company adopts the standards that would not represent fairly in this would be beneficial if the company does not adopt the policy and avoid the case (Dong, Ryan and Zhang 2014). The informations regarding the assets of the company are valuable.In the mentioned situation the details of the non-current assets in the company has been destroyed that includes all the details of the depreciation as well. As per the board of directors, the issue is due to the virus in the computer. The boards of directors of the business are facing a problem regarding the solution of the loss of all records of the assets (Barth, Nobes and Tarca 2015). The only advice that is to be given is that the management shall keep a backup of all the records including the details of the depreciation to avoid such situation. The loss that has been occurred cannot be recovered but can be avoided thereon. There is no need to change the accounting policy or disclosure procedure. References Barth, M.E., Nobes, C. and Tarca, A., 2015. Conceptual framework for financial reporting: an introduction to the special issue by the guest editors. Dong, M., Ryan, S. and Zhang, X.J., 2014. Preserving amortized costs within a fair-value-accounting framework: Reclassification of gains and losses on available-for-sale securities upon realization.Review of Accounting Studies,19(1), pp.242-280. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Magnan, M., Menini, A. and Parbonetti, A., 2015. Fair value accounting: information or confusion for financial markets?.Review of Accounting Studies,20(1), pp.559-591.

Sunday, April 12, 2020

5 Ways to Become a Great Composer of Your Own Music Essay Full Guide on How to Write a Music Essay

5 Ways to Become a Great Composer of Your Own Music Essay Full Guide on How to Write a Music Essay Just one look around and it is possible to conclude that most people are big fans of music. More and more people tend to wear headphones – they listen to music everywhere on their iPods or phones. A lot of street musicians appear in the central squares – they just play music for pleasure. Besides, there are those who create all the sounds of music and songs that we hear every day. No matter what you like doing with music, now you’ll be informed about the art of composing a music essay. Indeed, the music composing process is similar to the writing process both are personal and creative. For example, Mozart composed the entire pieces of music in his head, then writing it down. Beethoven struggled with an idea for years to realize the full form of the music. In this article, you’ll know all specifics to become a great composer of your own music essay. The Right Choice of Topics Is a Key Success Factor in Writing No paper can be written without the main topic mentioned in the title. Yes, your subject is Music. Thus, it is a general topic. However, you may be assigned to a topic, or have to invent your own one. When a Topic Is/Isn’t Assigned, You Should: Think about the type of paper you are expected to produce. Different types of paper writing entail different objectives either to describe, analyze or compare. Therefore, it should be reflected in your topic. Evaluate a topic according to your own, and academic interest. Your personal interest lies in the concern with a topic as a researcher. As for the academic interest, a topic is meant to be original, valuable and productive. Make sure your topic is fairly specific. According to the objectives you need to pursue while writing, you should choose a narrower topic to discuss. When a Topic Is Too General, Apply the Following List of Specific Topics Music Around Us: The Natural Instruments for Creating Music; The Development of Music Within the Development of Civilizations; Our Daily Involvement with Music: A Variety of Effects; Does Music Without Words Convey the Message? Is Music as a Cure for Health Problems Effective? The Connection Between Music and Emotions: Obvious or Tenuous?; What Types of Mood Can Be Created by Music? Can’t decide whether a topic would be appropriate for your essay? Consider each topic separately: How do you feel about a topic? Are you particularly interested in a topic? How many ideas do you have about a topic? 5 Pre-Writing Tips that Are Helpful in Getting Started on an Essay Whenever you’re assigned with a written task, it doesn’t mean only the writing process itself. You need to do a lot of preliminary work. The amount of time needed for it varies according to your possibilities and deadlines. However, it would be much better if you could: Be focused on thinking about what and how you want to write your paper on. There are many ways of how you can come up with brilliant ideas for your essay. Hit upon the Berkeley Student Learning Center to know the effective prewriting techniques. Find out what sources are acceptable in your writing project. Find Wikipedia a good starting point for investigating a topic? Keep in mind that many educators dont let cite the Wikipedia articles. It is better to search for more authoritative sources among which you’ll face primary and secondary ones. Go through the list of main source types at Santiago Canyon College. Do extensive research on a topic. Usually, the research process determines the quality of essays if you don’t intend to conduct adequate research, be prepared that your essay will show the lack of quality. Analyze well-written essays on a topic. Luckily, you have direct access to sources where you can find useful papers after looking at which you can grasp the idea of writing your own one. Notice what makes them work arguments, evidence, a clear and logic statement, etc. Organize your thoughts in a logical way. After many creative ideas enter your head, you should put them on paper. There are 2 ways of doing it an outline or diagram. Following all these steps will allow you to prepare fully for the writing process. But if you can’t find a source of inspiration for writing, listen to 44 perfect songs that can inspire you to create a real masterpiece. It’s Time to Write a Music Essay: Follow 5 Steps to Do Perfectly No matter what aims of writing you pursue, stick to the basic essay structure. According to the Writing Center at Harvard University, you should carry out several operations in an essay: introduce an argument; analyze the background data; raise counterarguments; conclude. Let’s focus on each of these steps in details. If you skip on any crucial stage, you may rely on lower marks. 1. Give a Compelling Essay Title Want to make people read your essay? According to the article â€Å"How to Write Magnetic Headlines†, on average, 8 out of 10 people read titles rather than read the content itself. Your instructor has to read both the title and text. But capture his/her attention straightaway. You’re given 2 titles. What will you choose to read? The Effect of Rock Music on Human Beings; Rock Music Seizes Young Minds: What Will It Bring? Either way, we provide a brief analysis of both titles so that you will realize the essential details in creating a title for your essays. If you look at the first one, there is just a statement of the main topic. In this case, we understand that a writer will simply state the effects of rock music on people. As a result, nothing useful is mentioned in the title. From this perspective, the second title is more winning as it contains the main point of view concerning rock music that will be presented in an essay. Moreover, it has a question that will attract the readers as well they will start casually answering it, then want to read to know what opinion a writer has. 2. Compose a Thesis Statement It can seem that there is nothing simple than to write a sentence that will tell your readers about the topic you’ve chosen. However, be careful with it as you need to take into consideration two parts a topic and the angle from which you’re going to cover it. You see that the first part consists of keywords rock music, young people and influence. In the second part, there is a list of three main ideas that will be discussed. Once a thesis statement is formulated, you are ready to continue. 3. Work on an Introduction After a reader passes through the title, the next point to which he/she pays attention is the introductory part. It takes no more than 3-5 sentences for short essays, and no more than 1 page for long papers. Here, your task is to hook the reader as well. It isn’t an appropriate way to write ‘This essay will present the issue concerning †¦ .’, or ‘I’m going to write about †¦ .’ Consider what can be a good attention grabber. For example, you can use: startling true statements that will explicitly demonstrate your point of view. It should be the pertinent information with the further explanation. For example, it can be the statistic about how often people listen to music or the most popular means of listening to music. a quote that could illustrate a point. There are surely many thinkers who said something special about music. Look for the most interesting one that would be relevant to your essay topic. Mind all the peculiarities about the citation formatting (in APA, MLA or Harvard). an amusing anecdote. It works effectively as a hook with less formal writing styles or personal essays. an impressive example. If you write an essay about a famous musician, you can add one of his/her personal habits. Choose the strangest one or less known to impress your readers. the summarized data. Find nothing eye-catching about a topic? There is no problem. Provide just the general terms becoming more specific closer to a thesis statement. 4. Write the Main Part of Your Essay Finally, the topic you have chosen can be explained in detail, described vividly, or argued strongly. Remember the objectives are determined by the type of paper you’re going to write, on which you must have decided earlier before writing the body. Look at the outline or diagram you’ve definitely created, only then start writing. If there are 3 or 4 main ideas, you will have to write 3 or 4 body paragraphs with a topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph. 5. Conclude Correctly The concluding paragraph is a part where you need to provide the final perspective on your topic. Don’t invent anything new at the end of your essay. Just summarize within 3-4 sentences of what you’ve mentioned previously in the introduction and body. Draw your readers to a natural, logical conclusion. The Writing Process Must Go on: Final 3 Steps as Explained by Our Expert Writers Writing the final sentences, many students breathe out because they think the main goal to write an essay is achieved. Is it so actually? Many experienced essay writers will say you, ‘It is not correct to finish writing after a full point is put!’ Besides the coherent structure, in-depth analysis, there is one more point essential for writing a successful essay. 1. Revise Your Paper Accordingly The revision involves several steps that are quite important if you want to meet the high standards of writing. What does it mean ‘high standards of writing’? Check the consistency of language. Most academic subjects require writers to maintain the fixed standard of writing a formal vocabulary, use of references, impersonal style, long and complex sentences. With academic writing, you have to learn special conventions. For example, the idiomatic language isn’t appropriate for an academic paper. It means that you need to use the verb ‘continue’ instead of ‘go on. So, revise your essay to make it polished. Review the instructions for an assignment. Different schools and departments require students to follow different formats for a written work (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) Moreover, you can be required to use particular works or types of information. Have written 1925 words but need exactly 1650? It is better to reduce the size as required. Make sure that you follow all the guidelines given by your instructor on how to write a music essay. 2. Proofread Your Essay Carefully Get rid of errors. Double-check your essay to correct some mistakes related to grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Different typographical errors can be observed in works written even by experienced writers. For example, the most frequently occurring mistakes concern pronouns most write occasionally ‘its’ instead of ‘it is’ or ‘than’ instead of ‘then’, etc. Besides, the subject and verb of each sentence should agree. These are the tiniest mistakes. However, sometimes they can cost much. Look at the most expensive typo of all time. Don’t let them happen in your academic papers. 3. Rewrite a Draft into the Final Good Essay Write the final improved paper. After you finish the editing process, you’re highly recommended to rewrite. Only the repetitive process of writing can lead you to great results. Sometimes, it can happen to you when there is a lack of time to pass through all these stages as needed. So, if you are used to facing such problems with written tasks, don’t worry. Our qualified academic writers are at your service 24/7.

Tuesday, March 10, 2020

Contrast of Modern Othello to Shakesperian Othello Essay Example

Contrast of Modern Othello to Shakesperian Othello Essay Example Contrast of Modern Othello to Shakesperian Othello Paper Contrast of Modern Othello to Shakesperian Othello Paper are now making the beasts with two backs† which allows the audience to refer to him as a devil character by directly associating Othello with animalistic qualities. Creating the imagery of Othello acquiring beast like qualities alludes to the prospect of his character enabling such savage qualities as the extremities of abduction and rape. The animalistic qualities are metaphorical for his race by means of a savage Moor. References to animals is evident throughout the play not only when referring to Othello himself, this represents a sense of the laws of nature rather than the laws of society which primarily govern the characters in the play. As the audience is properly introduced to the Moore, the image becomes clear in Othello’s nature of speech that he does not inherit any of the stereotypical characteristics of evil qualities depicted by Iago. In act 1 scene 3 through the use of figurative language the Duke declares quietly to Barbantio â€Å"Your son-in-law is far more fair than black†, this metaphor symbolises the way in which Othello inherits qualities of a white man’s honesty by the dramatic contrast between colours. This is an ironic representation of forshadowing as in the end of the play Othello becomes savage and monstrous as he is consumed by jealousy which contradicts the essence of his fair qualities. Later in the play when Othello starts to undermine Desdemona and his relationship by means of the manipulation tactics of Iago, he draws direct attention to his race â€Å"haply for I am black, and have not those soft parts of conversation that chambers have; or for I am declined into the vale of years – yet that’s not much – she’s gone† This is the first circumstance in which Othello himself has brought direct negative attention to his race, which demonstrates his lacking of confidence in which he so happily acquired at the beginning of the play. Comparing Shakespeare’s Othello to Jeoffery Sax’s film Othello it is obvious the importance of race is far less significant in Elizabethan times, which suggests race has become more of an issue in contemporary times. In Jeoffery Sax’s film Othello the significance of race plays a much more significant role as it seems to create tension within every situation throughout the film. This importance of race is so strong throughout the film and this is evident in the opening silouqy where a close up of a dark male hand is resting over a light female hand. This contrast between the pigments of skin types introduces the recurring theme of inequality within race in modern day society and the role the dark male hand plays within the relationship. Following the opening sililougy the audience is confronted with fast, handheld and diagetic shots of race riots. These shots are highly a contrasted juxtaposition with upper class white society in which the shots are slower and smoother. This suggests further inequality but through creating an image of the black race acting out in the negative sense as savage and uncontrollable. This is similar to the audiences first introduction to the Moore, in which Rodrigo and Iago are referring to him as savage and monstrous. The consistent presence of water within the film acts a recurring symbol or motif in which it represents the yin and yang, meaning opposites as black and white as water is the opposite to fire. This further suggests the consistent battle between black and white men and women in modern society. This relates to values and representations of race from both parties. If I could find any of them with their brains as big as their dicks† suggests the derogatory stereotypical views of black men from a white mans point of view. It symbolises the power of intellect in which the white men claim to have successfully achieved. This statement is highly ironic for during this time in the film John Othello is the only police officer who is using his ‘brain’ and attending to the issues of the street riots in which no other police officer has taken any initiative in resolving. This contradicts this statement through the actions of John Othello being a black police officer. As this statement is announced during a conversation in involving Jago it is interesting as later on in the film Jago declares to John â€Å"You cleaver big black bustard† which is suggesting John as gaining intellect or having a bigger ‘brain’ and therefore being of higher significance and importance. Following this Jago uses direct speech to the audience in which he displays a neurotic fit in which he describes John as a â€Å"patronising ape† the use of animalistic representation is portrayed similar to that of Shakespeare’s version in which it associates John’s race with the actions and qualities of animals through this extended metaphor. John Othello’s approach to the inequality between black and white men and women is suggested from a far less powerful stance in which he suggests his lack of power through his past desire to be white â€Å"Your people brought my people here to work as slaves†¦.. I wanted to be like you, wanted to be white†, this suggests his reclining stance in his pride of his race as he is slowly being extracted of his power. The direct accusation suggests the change in his character to primarily fit the stereotypical characteristics of a black man. This is similar to Shakespeare’s Othello in the evidence of jealousy turning Othello into the savage Moore he so longingly resented. The themes of race and women are strongly displayed in both accounts which suggest the inability of change over time between such different societies; however there are situations which within these themes that suggest a change in attitudes through the extent and position in which these themes are portrayed. The difference in the significance of race from Shakespearian times to modern times reflects the changes in society and how individuals relate to one another through appearance versus reality. The changes in attitudes to women have also changed significantly through the acceptance of women as human beings, enabling them to run their own lives and make their own decisions, the power for women in modern day society has developed so evidently. These as well as the similarities in times are magnificently demonstrated in both accounts.

Sunday, February 23, 2020

Comparison between financial engineering and Islamic financial Essay

Comparison between financial engineering and Islamic financial engineering and is financial engineering support the banks and financial company in the credit crunch - Essay Example El-Gamal has pointed out that Islamic financial jurisprudence has aimed at enhancing human welfare but transaction costs have been substantially reduced rendering contract-based jurisprudence incoherent (2007, p. 1). El-Gamal (2007) provides a basis for Islamic financial engineering aiming for an Islamic law compliant as well as legal risk compliant financial instruments. An authority on the Islamic financial system is the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Islamic Financial Services Board is an international standard-setting organization that seeks to promote stability of the Islamic financial services industry by issuing standards and guiding principles (IFSB 2009, p. 1). The member central banks/countries of the IFSB include Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Bahrain, Iran, the Islamic Development Bank, Pakistan, Qatar, Singapore, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. A key dimension of Islamic financial services pertains to Shari-ah governance. Unfortunately, according to IFSB documents (2009, p. 1), Shari-ah governance, despite being an often used word within the Islamic financial service institutions (IFSI), has never been â€Å"properly† defined. Nevertheless, Shari-ah governance is deemed to have been realized when a Shari-ah board believes so (IFSB 2009, p.1). El-Gamal (2003, p. 4), however, associates the Shari-ah with the Islamic Law. Following El-Gamal, Shari-ah compliance is therefore compliance with Islamic Law as judgment of competent authorities of the Shari-ah or the Islamic Laws. Gait and Worthington (2007, p. 27) clarified, however, that the main sources of the Shari-ah law are the Qu’ran, Hadith, Sunna, Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtihad. According to the latest available IFSB (2009) document on the Shari-ah, the Shari-ah board is usually composed of scholars on the Shari-ah (alternatively known as the Shari-ah Committee or the Shari-ah Supervisory Board) but the practice over the years is

Friday, February 7, 2020

HS2- cost vs benefits Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HS2- cost vs benefits - Dissertation Example TABLE 1: Report of HSR Documents in the UK YEAR REPORT AUTHOR KEY NOTES February, 2004 High Speed Rail: International comparisons Commission for Integrated Transport (CfIT) Geographical and demographic factors created differences in international markets. The current railway network in Britain’s network was in order. The rail network capacity was good. 2005 High Speed Line Study WS Atkins A forecast made on overcrowding of lines. There was need for investment in HSR with a check on economic case. 2016 proposed as the opening date for the project. December, 2006 The Eddington Transport Study Sir Rod Eddington The long distance connections never provided better connectivity in relation to the local connections that are short distanced. Doubts on real benefits of HSR considered. HSR could not reduce carbon emission. Other viable options for transport in long distances considered of lower costs than HSR. June, 2007 HS2 Proposition, the WCRL corridor Greengauge21 Due to capacity sh ortfall, HS2 proposed as the best option to solve the crisis. The costs earlier predicted about HSR seen as not logical. HSR network offered a continuation for HS1. A growth predicted on demand for WCML which will boost connection in the corridor and boost economic growth. January, 2009 High Speed Two Department for Transport The new government to consider construction of HS2. HS2 Company to be created so that it deals with network planning. HSR to address the problem of overcrowding. September, 2009 The case for new lines Network Rail A network configuration and service pattern proposal created. London was considered to be the main area in focus. WCML was the first HST alignment to be built. September, 2009 A step forward Greengauge21... This research will begin with the background knowledge on high speed rail. The high speed rail entered the UK in 2007 following the completion of Channel Tunnel to London. It was called Channel Tunnel Rail Link, currently referred to as High-Speed 1 or HS1. A political consensus on the construction of HSR network in UK for trains running with a maximum speed of 350 kmph is currently preferred. The next project is the construction of High Speed 2 that will connect London and the northern parts of UK. According to UK transport policy, HS2 is viewed as the most appropriate mode of transport for the region in relation to the increased demand for rail network and transport. An extensive study on the program in the year 2004 by different countries in the world revealed that UK had not implemented the High-Speed rail. Other countries like Germany, Japan, France and Spain had already adopted it. The study revealed that UK had not seen the need for High-Speed rail because of demand in the tra nsport sector. The available modes of transport were in a position to hold the capacity. Several reports drawn from the table show that a growing demand for rail transport cannot be met with the current network and therefore a viable solution should be sought to hold the situation. A further forecast for the future has enhanced its implementation. The reason backing HS2 was lack of capacity in UK rail network. The proposal for HS2 by Rail Network was after careful consideration on possible alternatives using WCML alignment.